人为什么会烦？

西西

For most people, boredom is a passing, nearly trivial feeling that lifts as soon as a task is completed or a lecture ends. But boredom has a darker side: Easily bored people are at higher risk for depression, anxiety, drug addiction, alcoholism, compulsive gambling, eating disorders, hostility, anger, poor social skills, bad grades and low work performance.
Part of the boredom puzzle may be individual differences in how much excitement and novelty we require. Men, for example, are generally more bored than women. They also exhibit more risk-taking behaviors, report enjoying more dangerous entertainment and are more likely to say that their environments are dull.
Clues to the underlying causes of boredom have come from patients who suffer traumatic brain injuries (TBI). People with TBI often begin to indulge in riskier activities after their accidents.
Highly bored individuals also tend to lack the ability to entertain themselves. As a result, they may turn to activities like doing drugs. Drug use takes place during downtime when the person would have otherwise been entertaining themselves. This may be especially true during adolescence, a time when they are putting together the skills needed to deal with boredom in adulthood. Boredom therefore becomes a lifelong cue for sensation-seeking behavior. If drug addicts can learn to deal with their doldrums, however, they may be less likely to relapse.
Our culture's obsession with external sources of entertainment—TV, movies, the Internet, video games—may also play a role in increasing boredom. It is possible that the roots of boredom lie in a fundamental breakdown in our understanding of what it is we want to do. Bored people tend to score low on measures of self-awareness. They find it difficult to accurately monitor their own moods and feelings and hence understand what they truly want. These findings fit into the psychodynamic model of boredom, whereby people repress their true wants and desires and therefore cannot locate satisfying activity. The repression part is still debatable, but students who scored high on scales of alexithymia—difficulty in describing or identifying feelings, distinguishing between bodily sensations and feelings, and an inhibited inner emotional and fantasy life—also tended to be bored.
At a more functional level, the ability to focus or engage also plays a significant role in boredom. People with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are more likely to be bored, as are those who score low on measures of sustained attention. So, too, are individuals who have brain injuries or are prone to flips of attention (such as driving on autopilot or putting the milk in the cupboard).
In fact, direct manipulation of attention can lead to boredom, suggesting that we label tasks as boring when they require a great deal of focused effort to hold our attention. The term "flow psychology" says that great absorption, focus and enjoyment of work results from a balance between our skills and the challenge of the tasks we face.


对很多人来说，烦闷不过是一种短暂、几乎微不足道的情绪，很容易消散，比如某项工作任务一完成，或某个讲座刚结束的时刻，这种情绪很快就烟消云散了。但是，烦闷还有更不好的一面：很容易出现烦闷情绪的人，有下列症状或行为的危险系数也较高：抑郁、焦虑、药物成瘾、酗酒、沉湎赌博、饮食失控、敌意、发脾气、社交能力弱、学习成绩差、工作能力低。
关于烦闷情绪之谜，已经有所了解的方面就是存在个体差异，如兴奋程度高低的差异、对新奇事物的要求程度的高低等。例如，和女性相比，男性一般更容易觉得烦，也更容易从事冒险行动，更喜欢以危险游戏为乐，更容易说他们所处的环境很郁闷。
从一些有脑外伤（TBI）的病人身上，可以得到有关烦闷成因的一些线索：脑外伤的人，最初的表现就是容易沉湎于危险程度较高的活动。
极容易觉得烦躁的人，在怎么让自己开心方面的能力往往较差，因此，他们只好通过滥用药物之类的行为来麻醉自己。药物滥用行为往往发生在一个人无所事事的时候，每到这种时候，如果不用药物，他们也会想办法放纵自己。在青春期，这种情形尤其容易发生，因为这个时期青少年往往会把成年人应对烦躁的各种办法混为一谈。因此，烦躁情绪会变成人类寻找感情寄托的终身根源。可是，如果那些药物瘾君子能够学会如何应对自己的烦躁情绪，他们烦躁情绪复发的可能性就会降低。
现代人类的文化也离不开外界的娱乐方式，如电视、电影、互联网、视频游戏等，这种文化对烦躁现象的日益严重也起着一定的作用。烦闷的根源很可能在于我们对事物的理解力出现结构性缺失，即对自己所要做的事情的意义认识得不够全面。容易烦躁的人，自我意识水平测试的得分一般会比较低，这些人一般难以精确的监视自己的心情和情感，因而也难以判断自己真正需要什么。人们所发现的这些现象是符合烦躁情绪的心理动态模式的，也就是说，有这种心理模式的人会压制自己真正的需求和愿望，从而无法判断什么样的活动才能满足自己的需要。虽然这种需求抑制说尚有争议，但是那些患有“述情障碍症”（alexithymia）的学生，确实更容易出现情绪烦躁现象，有这种症状的学生，不知道如何表达或判断自己的情感状态，难以区分什么是身体需要，什么是情感需要，容易抑制其内在的情感需求，生活中充满幻想。
从更高层次的能力水平看，注意力是否能够集中，或能否专心致志地从事某项工作，对是否容易产生烦躁情绪也有很大影响。那些患有注意力缺失多动症（ADHD）的人也更容易产生烦躁情绪，那些在注意力持久性测试中得分较低的人也一样，而那些大脑受过伤，或者容易走神者亦然（例如开车时出现无意识转向，或者把牛奶错放在碗柜里面等）。
实际上，对注意力的直接操纵也容易让人产生烦躁情绪，这就表明，我们之所以觉得事物很烦人，可能是因为这些事物需要我们集中精力、需要全神贯注的缘故。有个术语，叫做“流心理学”，就认为一个人若能全神投入到工作中，能够锲而不舍，并且享受工作的乐趣，那是因为他的能力正好能够应对所面对的挑战的缘故。

Green-grass

如果没有思维就不会烦恼