Ⅲ.分词
1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：
a changing world（一个变化着的世界）；a changed world（ 一个已经起变化的世界）
surprising news（令人惊讶的消息）；surprised people（感到惊讶的人们）
2. 分词作状语
作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.
Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.
3. 分词作定语
分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
He’s a spoilt child.
The man standing over there is our new English teacher.
Where are we to get the material needed?
4. 分词作宾语补足语
分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分词还可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
She watched her baby sleeping.
I got my hair cut.
I don’t want you worrying about me.
5. 分词与连词的连用
分词可与各种连词（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though等）连用。连词+分词（短语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.
He went on talking, though continually interrupted.
6. 分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.
Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.
He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.
There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.
时态
1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别
1) 现在完成时：
① 构成：have / has +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
A. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。
--He has worked as a teacher for many years.
--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.
B. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet, just, before, recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year , in 1997等)。
--I have never learned Japanese before.
--We have been quite busy lately (recently).
C. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
--He has joined the army for five years. （误）
--He has been in the army for five years. （正）
2) 过去完成时：
① 构成：had +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
--They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note: 与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
3) 将来完成时：
① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词
② 语法意义及要点：
将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
--The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2. 哪些动词不能用于进行时
1) 表示状态的动词，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。
He is being a used-car dealer.（误）
He is a used-car dealer.（正）
- 考试辅导
