例16 Close to the bank I saw deep pools,the water blue like the sky.(靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧如蓝天。)
Close to the bank I saw deep pools,the water of which was blue like the sky.
独立主格结构作主语,在意义上相当于复合句中的主语从句。例如:
例17 The people in trouble is the ample reason for our Party members staying there.(人民有困难,正是我们的党员留在那儿的充分理由。)
That the people are in trouble is the ample reason for our party members staying there.
III.分词独立主格结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较
分词独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位,其名词或主格代词只作分词的逻辑主语而与句中其他成分没有关系,与句子的主语并不一致。试分析:
例18 He sat there silently,his head bending.(他坐在那里一言不发,低着头。)
例19 All people compared,he is the person fit to go there.(所有人比较一下,他最适合去那儿。)
例20 With him gone,I can work better.(他走了,我能更好地工作。)
显然,以上三例中,句子主语与分词独立主格结构的逻辑主语各不相同。但分词短语在句中的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致,换言之,分词短语的逻辑主语就是句中谓语动词的主语。试看: 例21 Driving along an almost deserted country road,they run out of gas.(驱车行驶在几近荒凉的乡村道路上,他们的汽油耗尽了。)
例22 Given more practice,the students could have made still greater progress.(假以更多的实践,这些学生取得的进步会更大。)
以上两例中,分词短语的逻辑主语实际上就是句子的主语。 分词独立主格结构和状语从句的区别在于:1)前者在句法结构上作为一个独立的语言单位而存在,后者必须依附于主句而不能独立存在;2)前者有自己独立的逻辑主语,后者的逻辑主语通常为句子的主语;3)前者与分句间不需用从属连词,后者必须用从属连词。试对比:
例23 a.The letter having been written,he took it to the post.(他写完了信,就把它送到邮局去了。) b.When he had written the letter,he took it to the post.
例24 a.No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal.(既然没人反对,这项议案我们就通过了。) b.Since no one is against it,we will adopt the proposal.
总而言之,要准确而全面地把握独立主格结构,既要明确其结构特征,又需掌握其句法功能,还要了解该结构中某些形式与其他一些语法结构的异同。而这有赖于在大量语言实践中的探索和应用,因为语法规律本就来源于语言实践,更指导着语言实践。 海军航空工程学院杨安良 烟台二中王滨清