语法结构-代词
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V指示代词
一、指示代词this，that，these和those用来代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物，在句中可充当主语、宾语和定语。做定语的指示代词要与所修饰的词在数上一致
1) Today's libraries differ greatly from ___.
［A］ the past ［B］ those of the past
［C］ that are past［D］ those past
2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics, according ___ to some authorities, has exceeded spent on public health.
［A］ one［B］ those
［C］ it ［D］ that
3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.
［A］ that ［B］ what
［C］ which［D］ those
二、为了避免重复，that或those来代替前边的名词或代词，that表示事物，those表示人。一般来讲that表示单数或不可数，而those表示复数。但those可以和who连用，由who引导一个定语从句，这时those就不是代替前边的某词
4) Numerous efforts have been made ［A］ to improve ［B］ the laws governing ［C］ air pollution， but none have been as successful as them ［D］ devised by the state of Oregon.
5) An internationally famous ballerina ［A］ ， Maria Tallchief demonstrated ［B］ that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those ［C］ of the ballet in Europe ［D］ .
6) Since the job was going to be ［A］ difficult， he asked only ［B］ them ［C］ he trusted to assist him ［D］ .
7) Forest animals ［A］ utilize the sense ［B］ of smell less ［C］ than them ［D］ in the countryside.
三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用，也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词
8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if ___ proposal were accepted.
［A］ so many ［B］ a so many
［C］ a such［D］ such a
9) Although signs of ___ dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?
［A］ so ［B］ those
［C］ such ［D］ such a
四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。此题中的differ from意为"不同于"，相比较的对象为"现代的图书馆"与"以往的图书馆"，故应选B ，用those代替前面提到的libraries(复数)。
2) D为正确答案。"has exceeded""超过，超越"，空档后"spent on public health"作定语，而空档处是代词代替"The amount of monay"，这是不可数名词，所以"［A］ one"和"［B］ those"均不符合条件。"［C］ it"也不对，it代词代"the amount of money spent on cosmetics,"那么空档后的"spent on public health"显然与"spent on cosmetics"相矛盾。所以C也不对。
3) D为正确答案。"what"和"which"为连接和关系代词，"that"指代单数，而空档处是代前边的"The clture and customs of America"，所以应当用复数代词those。
4) D错。 改为those。这里"those"与"none"同指，都代"the laws"。
5) C错。 改为that，代"the quality。"
6) C错。改为those。C处作"asked"的宾语，又作"he trusted to assist him"的先行词。
7) D 错。 改为those。
8) D为正确答案。
9) C为正确答案。
VI关系代词
关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which，as。它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词，又在从句中担任一定的成分。
一、who和whom代表人，who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语
1) Human beings are social ［A］ animals whom ［B］ usually prefer not to live in physical ［C］ or psychological isolation ［D］ .
二、whose表示"某人的"，在从句中作定语
2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of ___ open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
［A］ which［B］ its
［C］ that ［D］ whose
三、that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况；that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语；which在从句中作主语或宾语
3) The first doll ___ say "mama" was invented in 1830.
［A］ that it could［B］ could
［C］ it could ［D］ that could
四、代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等
4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all ___ was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
［A］ what ［B］ that
［C］ which［D］ who
5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much ___ we can learn from him today.
［A］ as ［B］ when
［C］ who［D］ that
五、在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
6) After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," ___ used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.
［A］ which ［B］ who
［C］ he［D］ that
7) I have often wondered whether some people, ___ had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.
［A］ whom ［B］ who
［C］ which［D］ what
8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, ___ will add even greater weight to the saucer.
［A］ that［B］ although
［C］ why ［D］ which
六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分，而不是一个名词
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