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英语五种 It ...that... 句式及其句型转换

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在英语中,主句含先行主语,构成 It...that...的复合句有多种形式,它们表达的意思各不相同,其句型转换的形式也完全各异。了解它们的差异,对于正确理解 It...that...句式所表达的意思至关重要。本文拟借助于几个句子对五种 It...that...句式作些扼要的剖析。
句式一:
①It is a pity th at Mr Brown has fallen ill.很遗憾布朗先生病了。
②It is clear that their group will get ahead of us.很明显他们小组会赶在我们前面到。
这两个句子实际上代表了同一种 It...that...句式,就是我们通常说的主语从句,it是先行主语,that引导的从句作整个句子的真正主语。这两个句子可分别转换成: That Mr Brown has fallen ill is a pity.和 That their group will get ahead of us is clear.从语法角度看,被转换的句子和原来的句子都是正确的,但从修辞表达效果看,含先行主语it的句子较好,因为句子结构平稳,而that引导的从句置于句首,整个句子头重脚轻,修辞表达效果差。

句式二:
③It is said that John has left for Beijing.据说约翰已去北京。
在该句中,先行主语it引起 It...that...句式的主句是一个被动结构,这种被动结构可译成"据……",再如:It is reported that...据报导……。有时不能译成"据……",而应译成"有人(或人们)……",如:It is thought that...有人认为……;It is hoped that...人们希望……。这种It...that...的句子可转换成一个简单句,简单句的主语为原来从句的主语,即原句可转换成:John is said to have left for Beijing.语态转换一般是主动语态和被动语态之间的转换,但在上述情况下,语态转换是两种被动结构之间的相互转换。
句式三:
④It seems that your suggestion is more practical.好像你的意见更实际些。
句④是另外一种 It...that...的句式,主句中的动词为seem,appear,happen,turn out等一类链接动词(catenative verb),这种句式可以转换成一个简单句。在简单句中,这些动词和不定式符号to一起构成链接动词结构。句④可转换成:Your suggestion seems to be more practical.这个句子的语法结构分析应该是:your suggestion是主语,seems to be是谓语,more practical是表语。再如:I happened to meet him in the street.在该句中,主语为 I,happened to meet为谓语,him为宾语,in the street为状语。这个句子可转换成 It...that...句式,即It(so)happened that I met him in the street.
句式四:
⑤It is on the campus that we always take a walk after supper.
是在校园里我们常常晚饭后散步。
句⑤是一种断裂句(cleft sentence),传统语法中叫强调句。这种句子的意思相当于一个简单句,即原句相当于We always take a walk after supper on the campus.为了强调该句中状语on the campus,我们用 It...that...这一句式将句子分裂成主句和从句两个部分。不管主句中的表语(被强调的部分)是表示时间、地点的词,还是表示物或人的词,都用that连接(人也可用who,whom)。再如:It was in 1949 that China was liberated.中国是1949年解放的。/It is the school bus that takes the children home.是校车把孩子送回家的。英语断裂句的转换就是复合句和简单句之间的转换,如:It is her mother that cares about him most.→Her mother cares about him most.但两句意思略有出入,第一句强调了her mother,第二句没有强调。
句式五:
⑥It is a wise mother that knows her daughter.再聪颖的母亲也不见得了解自己的女儿。
这是一种特殊的 It...that...句式,其结构特点是that多数在从句中作主语;主句中的表语都是名词,且被形容词修饰,前面都有不定冠词;这种句式多见于谚语,所以主句和从句一般都用一般现在时。再如:It is a good machine that can work without power.无论怎样好的机器也要有动力才能开动。这种句式的另一个显著特点是,在翻译时,从句中没有否定词,可译为否定句;从句中有否定词,可译为肯定句。如:It is a long lane that has no turning.再长的巷子也会有转弯的。/It is a bold mouse that nestles in the cat's car.再大胆的老鼠也不敢偎依在猫的身旁。我们这里讲的 It...that...句式不是一个简单句,而是相当于一个让步状语从句,所以句⑥可转换成:No matter how wise a mother is,she may not know her daughter.
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