在谈到It+be+adj./n.+that+主语+虚拟语气时,有的文章认为主语从句中谓语动词的形式统统是"(should +)动词原形",就是说should可用可不用。其实不然,有些形容词/名词后 that从句中的should是必用的。
一、先说形容词
A.用it充当主语
下列形容词之后that从句的虚拟语气必须用 should:incredible令人难以置信的,natural自然的, strange奇怪的,absurd荒谬的,amazing令人惊慌的,annoying令人烦恼的,astonishing令人震惊的,impossible不可能的,interesting有趣的,ludicrous滑稽的,normal正常的,odd古怪的,queer奇怪的,ridiculous可笑的, silly傻的,surprising令人惊奇的,unnatural反常的,unthinkable不可思议的,wonderful奇异的等。例如:
1)It is absurd and ridiculous that he should behave so!他竟然如此表现,真是荒唐可笑!
2)It's astonishing that she should say that sort of thing to you.她竟然对你说出那样的话,令人震惊。
3)It is natural that economic crises should arise in capitalist countries.资本主义国家发生经济危机,是很自然的事情。
4)Do you think it's normal that the child should be so tired?这个孩子这样疲倦,你认为正常吗?
5)It is odd /strange that he should do that.他竟然那样干,可真奇怪。
6)It is surprising tht they should choose this method of passing the evening.令人吃惊的是,他们竟然选择这个方式来度过夜晚。
7)It's wonderful that he should be able to walk at all.他的确会走了,真是令人惊异。
B.用表示人的名词或代词充当主语
这样的形容词也有两类:a.虚拟语气中的should可用可不用;b.虚拟语气中的should必用。
a类形容词有adamant坚定的,anxious焦急的,concerned关心的,eager很希望,keen很希望(正式用语), insistent坚决主张等。如:
I was anxious that there should be no misapprehension.我很希望不至有误会。
We were anxious that there be no misunderstanding.我们深切希望不至有误会。
b类形容词有delighted,shocked,sorry,surprised等。例如:
1)He was delighted that his wife's cooking should go down so well.他妻子做的饭菜非常受欢迎,他感到高兴。
2)I'm sorry you should think I did it on purpose.你竟然认为我是故意这样做的,真是遗憾。
3)I'm surprised that I should be accorded such a hearty welcome.我受到这样热烈的欢迎,感到惊奇。
二、再说名词
pity,shame,surprise,wonder之后that从句的虚拟语气也必用should。例如:
1)It is a pity that she should live at such a distance.她竟然住那么远,实在是一件憾事。
2)It is a shame that you should have to submit to his caprices.你竟然受他那反复无常的支配,这是一件可耻的事儿。
3)It is no great wonder that an Englishman should know English.英国人懂英语是不足为奇的。
应当指出:
(1)必用的should后不仅可以和动词原形连用,而且可以和完成体不定式连用。例如:
1)It is impossible that he should make /have made a mistake like that.他不可能犯那样的错误。
2)It is odd that they should not have presented you with a copy.真稀奇,他们竟然连一本也没给你。
3)It's strange that you've never met him.真奇怪,你竟然从来没有遇见过他。
4)I was shocked that she shouldn't have invited Phyllise.她竟然没有邀请菲利斯,我感到吃惊。
5)It is no wonder that he should have succeeded.他的成功不足为奇。
顺便说一下:Eckersley父子在其合编的《综合英语语法》p.533中说,that从句在impossible后用should,而在possible后用may /might,如"It is possible that I may /might not be able to come.我很可能来不了。"至于 probable,张其春和蔡文萦合编的《简明英汉词典》p.766上给的例子是"It is probable[is not probable]that he forget.他也许是[不见得是]忘了。"显然,should是可用可不用的。
(2)可用可不用的should是语气助动词(the Mood Auxiliary),本身没有什么特殊的词汇意义[见张道真编著《现代英语用法词典》 p.3994,Paul Procter主编 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English p.1032 should 2]。必用的should是情态助动词(the Modal Auxiliary),或者干脆叫做感情should(the Emotional should)。当与之连用的动词表示的行为出乎意料时,should往往译作"竟然/居然",意料之中时译作"当然",这就是说,它含有一定的词汇意义。如果不用它,也不能只用动词原形或者不定式,而要用限定动词,如把B.b的例2)(见35期)说成"I'm sorry you think I did it on purpose.",把(1)中的例4)说成"I was shocked that she hadn't invited Phyllis."由此可见,必用should的that从句所说的内容并非虚拟,而是既成事实,尽管不少英语语法书都把它们放在虚拟语气中讲。从而主句中也只能用对既成事实表示反应的形容词/名词,或惊奇,或愉快,或遗憾,或怀疑等,显然不同于从句中should可用可不用的主句中所用的动词、形容词、名词的词汇意义。
(3)主句中有时用系动词seem,如"It seemed so unnatural that they should never see one another.他们竟然从来没有见过面,似乎太不合情理了。""It does seem silly that I should have to learn this.我居然不得不学习这,似乎的确太傻了。"