本文收集了1989~2001年大学英语四级考试试卷中V-ing用法的考题共20题,对V-ing的语法作用进行归类性分析。V-ing形式包括传统语法所指"现在分词"和"动名词"两种结构,在句中可用作主语、状语、定语、宾语和补足语等成分。文章着重分析了现在分词作状语、宾语补足语、后置定语以及取代从句的用法,并对动名词的用法也作了分析。
V-ing形式包括传统语法所指"现在分词"和"动名词"两种结构。V-ing现在分词由动词原形+ing构成,有完成体和被动态,但不体现动作或过程的时间关系,它的时间关系要借助于主句动词的"时"的形式来表示,除去动词be和have以外,其他助动词(包括所有情态助动词)都没有V-ing分词形式。主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,动态动词还是状态动词,都能构成V-ing形式。
一、V-ing用作现在分词
1、V-ing分词短语不仅可以用作形容词,对名词提供更多的情况,而且还可以用来进一步说明动词的动作或整个句子所表达的概念。这样使用时,它们与副词相似。
The computer works fast _____ data at the speed of light.(1993.1/43)
A)have handled
B)handling
C)handled
D)handles
答案B)。计算机工作速度快,以光的速度处理数据。
2、正常情况下,V-ing分词短语的主语和主句的主语是一致的。当V-ing分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。
This program will examine the writer's books in detail, _____ an introduction to herlife.(1994.1/45)
A)following
B)being followed
C)having followed
D)to be followed
答案A)。
3、有时V-ing分词短语可以带有连词。带连词的V-ing分词短语的逻辑主语通常是主句的主语,也可以从上下文判定。分词短语可以用在after,before,since,when,while, whether,once,until,on和as等词的后面。
Having no money but _____to know,he simply said he would go without dinner.(1993. 6/47)
A)not want anyone
B)not wanting anyone
C)wanted no one
D)to want no one
答案B)。他没有钱而又不愿意让人知道,所以干脆说不想吃晚饭就走了。
While_____ the sun,the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.(1994.1/58)
A)having orbited
B)being orbited
C)having been orbited
D)orbiting
答案D)。当这颗卫星沿轨道绕太阳运行时,向地球发回了40多亿条信息。
4、V-ing分词短语用作宾语补足语:
分词和分词短语可以用在表示感觉的动词(像see,hear,feel,watch,notice,smell)以及其他某些动词(例如find,get,have)的宾语后面,起到"宾语补足语"的作用。
His remarks left me _____about his real purpose.(1999.6/45)
A)wondered
B)wonder
C)to wonder
D)wondering
答案D)。他的一番话使我一直在琢磨他真正的意图。
5、V-ing分词可以取代从句:
现在分词可以代替as,since,because +主语+动词,即可用它来帮助解释后继的行为。
_____ the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6/22)
A)Having believed
B)Believing
C)Believed
D)Being believed
答案B)。许多人认为地球是平的,所以担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。
6、在另一些情况下,V-ing分词短语可能有自己的主语:
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper_____ it closely.(1989.1/54)
A)followed
B)following
C)to follow
D)being followed
答案B)。银是最好的导电体,其次是铜。
So many directors_____ ,the board meeting had to be put off.(2001.1/58)
A)were absent
B)been absent
C)had been absent
D)being absent
答案D)。许多董事没有到场,所以董事会不得不延期举行。
_____ ,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6/56)
A)Other things being equal
B)Were other things equal be
C)To be equal to other things
D)Other things to be equal
答案A)。在其他相同的各种条件下,一个善于表达自己的人要比一个不善言谈的人较快地获得成功。
7.V-ing分词短语位于名词或代词之后,作后置定语。
As early as 1647,Ohio made decision that free,tax-supported schools must be established in every town_____ 50 household or more.(1998,1/36)
A)having
B)to have
C)to have had
D)having had
答案A)。早在1647年Ohio就做出决定,在每个有50户以上居民的城镇中必须建立免费的、由财政支持的学校。
If I correct someone,I will do it with as much as good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one_____ .(1996.6/28)
A)to correct
B)correcting
C)having corrected
D)being corrected
答案D)。批评、纠正别人时,我会采取礼貌克制的态度,就像被批评的人是自己一样。
This crop has similar qualities to the previous one _____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.(1999.6/57)
A)being
B)been
C)to be
D)having been
答案A)。这种作物与前一种都有相似的特性,具有抗风吹和适应同类土壤的特性。
8、V-ing分词短语的完成式强调其行为动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。
_____ in a seemingly endless war,the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.(1993.1/59)
A)Since the loss of 50,000soldiers
B)Because of 50,000soldiers having lost
C)Having lost over 50,000soldiers
D)50,000soldiers were lost
答案C)。在一场看不到尽头的战争中丧失了50,000名士兵后,这位将军不得不重新估计形势。