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四级考试语法结构测试重点--(特殊)倒装结构

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英语句子结构中有两种语序:一种是自然语序(Natural Word-order),与汉语是一致的,即"主语+谓语",另外一种是倒装语序(Inverted Word-order),即把谓语动词的全部或一部分置于主语之前,或把宾语、表语置于主语之前。倒装句(Inversion)有两种情况:一种是普通的倒装句---疑问句,这种倒装句是由把助动词或动词的一部分置于主语之前构成;另一种是特殊的倒装句,这种倒装句比较复杂,有一定的词语和句型的要求,即某些含有否定意义的词语或词组放在句首,表示强调,句子要求用倒装结构。特殊的倒装句有两种形式:一种是将助动词或情态动词置于主语之前,没有助动词则需要加do,does或 did,这种倒装句称为"不完全倒装"或"部分倒装"(Partial Inversion);另一种是将整个谓语部分放在主语之前,不用助动词,这种倒装句称为"完全倒装"(Full Inversion)。
倒装句是英语语法中的重点,也是英语学习中的难点。在各类英语考试中,都会出现特殊的倒装结构这类语法项目,因此需要逐一学习、记忆并掌握它们的要求和用法。下面就这种特殊的倒装结构这一语法项目常见的情况例释如下,以引起参加各种英语考试的同学的重视:
一、含有否定意义的副词或副词短语引起的倒装
某些表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首,表示强调,句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类副词或副词短语有:never,seldom , rarely,no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely/ barely...when,no,little,nowhere,not, hardly,no longer, not until,not only...but also等等。
1、never,rarely,seldom位于句首,用于进行"比较",句子要求用倒装结构。例如:
1)Never before that night _______ the extent of my own power.
A)had I felt
C)did I feel
B)I felt
D)I had felt(CET-4,1988.6-61,选A)
2)_______ so many people in the U.S. been out of work as today.
A)More than ever before have
B)Formerly,there never were
C)Never before have
D)In the past,there never have (CET-4,1994.6-53,选C)
2、no sooner ...than,hardly /scarcely/ barely ...when位于句首,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生,句子要求用倒装结构。例如:
1)_______ his eyes when she told him that it was time for them to clean.
A)Hardly had he opened
B)No sooner did he open
C)Scarcely did he open
D)He had no sooner opened (CET-4,1994.6-59,选A)
 2)_______ she realized it was too late to go home.
 A)No sooner it grew dark than
 B)Hardly did it grow dark that
 C)Scarcely had it grown dark when
 D)It was until dark that (CET-4,2000.1-61,选C)
3、在由neither,nor开头、引导的表示"前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或事物)"的句子中,要求用倒装结构,neither,nor为"否定的附和"。例如:
1)The customer complained that the dining table had not been delivered yet,_______ .
 A)and neither had the chairs
 B)and the chairs weren't either
 C)and not the chairs either
 D)and neither the chairs had been(CET-4,1994.6-46,选A)
 2)I could not persuade him to accept it, _______ make him see the importance of it.
 A)if only I could not
 B)no more than I could
C)or I could not
 D)nor could I (CET-4,1995.1-42,选D)
 3)The organization had broken no rules, but _______ had it acted responsibly.
 A)neither
 B)so
 C)either
 D)both (CET-4,1996.1-33,选A)
 但是,neither用作主语或主语的一部分时,不用倒装结构。例如:
 4)_______ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.
 A)None
 B)Either
 C)Both
 D)Neither (CET-4,1994.1-52,选D)
 5)Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _______ .
 A)has been accepted
 B)have been accepted
 C)was accepted
 D)were accepted (CET-4,1998.1-33,选C)
4、含有not until的强调句,如果not until位于句首,句子要求用倒装结构,如果是主从复合句,倒装结构出现在主句中。例如:
1)Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.
 A)had he arrived
 B)would he have arrived
 C)did he arrive
 D)should he have arrived (CET-4,2000.6-23,选C)
 2)Not until then did he come to realize the seriousness of the situation.
 5、其他表示否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首,句子要求用倒装结构。例如:
1)Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources.
2)Nowhere has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in this country.
6、含有"no"、表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首,句子要求用倒装结构。常见的这类介词短语有:at no point(决不),at no time,by no means,in no case,in no circumstances,in no sense,in no shape,in no way,in no wise, on no account,on no consideration,under no circumstances,in no time(立刻),in vain(徒劳),not once,still less等等。例如:
1)We have been told that under no circumstances_______the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A)may we use
B)we may use
C)we could use
D)did we use (CET-4,1999.6-60,选A)
 2)At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interest first.
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