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四级考试语法讲座

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一、学习英语必须重视语法学习。从应试的意义上讲,考生要想顺利通过四级考试,必须掌握相应的语法知识。在四级考试中,一眼就能看出答案的语法试题为数很少,绝大多数试题中的错误选项都具有较强的干扰性例如:
1.(CET-4,2002,6)
Who would you rather_______with you,George or me?
A)going B)to go C)have gong D)went
[答案]D
[注释]本题测试疑问句中的虚拟语气。would rather的用法相当于wish,后面的从句必须用虚拟语气。在would rather的从句中,谓语动词用过去式的形式来表示现在或将来情况的虚拟语气。
[译文]你愿意谁跟你同去,是乔治还是我?
2.(CET-4,2002,6)
The residents,_______had been damaged by the fire,were given help by the Red Cross.
A)all of their homes B all their homes C)whose all homesD)all of whose homes
[答案]D
[注释]本题测试连接结构,两个逗号之间应该是一个定语从句,修饰residents。选项C和D中都含有关系代词whose,可以起连接主句和从句的作用,但在英语中我们只可以说all of whose homes,而不可以说 whose all homes或者all whose homes,故选项D)all of whose homes为正确答案。选项A和B均可不考虑,其原因是两个选项中均没有可以连接两个句子的词语逗号不能连接两个并列句。
[译文]房屋全部被大火毁坏的居民得到了红十字。
3.(CET-4,1997,1)
There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means trouble.
A)makingB)to makeC)to have madeD)having made
[答案]B
[注释]本题测试的是非谓语动词。动词mean接动词不定式时,意为"打算(做某事)",相当于intend to do sth.,选项B)to make符合题意,为本题的正确答案。25%的考生答对本题。41%和18%的考生分别误选了 D)having made和A)making。动词mean接动名词时,意为"表示……的意思,意味着",与本题的意思不相符,因此不可以选D和A。选项C)to have made为不定式的完成式,这种形式表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前,与本题的意思也不相符。
[译文]服务台那里有一个人,看上去很气愤,我想他是存心要找麻烦。
二、语法的应试意义不仅体现在"词汇和语法结构"试题中,考试的其他试题也都不同程度地涉及考生的语法知识,尤其在"阅读理解"和"英译汉"试题中,语法知识潜含的分值是不容低估的,很多长句子、难句子都需要考生借助于语法知识去分析和理解。例如:
阅读理解
1.(CET-4,2002,6)
Most episodes of absent-mindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.
[注释]句子的基本结构是Most episodes of absent-mindedness are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.句子中的forgetting where you left entered a room是episodes的同位语。
[译文]斯卡克特尔教授说,绝大多数健忘症患者的症状是忘了把东西放在何处或纳闷自己刚才为何走进某个房间,这些都是由于注意力不够所造成的。
2.(CET-4,2000,1)
Of major concern to Amtrak(美国铁路客运公司)and its advertising agency DDB Needham were the long distance western routes where ridership(客运量)had been declining significantly.
[注释]本句为倒装语序,正常的语序应为:The long-distance western routes...we to...。主句的主语是the long-distance we stern routes之后是where引导的定语从句,修饰routes。由于全句强调表语部分,且句子的主语部分较长,因而采用倒装结构。
[译文]对于美国铁路客运公司及其广告代理公司来说,他们最为关心的是客运量一直在大幅度下降的西部长途沿线。
3.(CET-4,1991,1)
A break through(突破)in the provision of energy from munity(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research
effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.
[注释]这是道在四级考试阅读理解短文中出现的,全句的语法结构如下。
A break through(突破)(主句主语)/in the provision of energy from the
sun for the European Economic Commun(EEC)(定语)/could be brought(主句谓语)/ forward by up to two decades,(状语)/ if a modest increase modest increase(从句主语)/could be provided (从句谓语)/in the EEC's research effort in this field,(状语)/according to the senior EECscientists(状语)/engaged in experiments in solar energy(定语)/at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.(状语)
[译文]据在欧共体靠近米兰的伊斯粕尔实验室从,如果适度增加欧共体在利用太阳能领域的研究经费,在为欧共体提供太阳能方面的突破有可能提前20年。
1.(CET-4,英译汉考试样题)
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.
[注释]全句的基本结构为Researchers have established-接一个由that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句是个复合句,when从句作时间状语,主句的主语为biochemical changes,谓语为occur,状语为in the brain,其后的that从句为定语从句,修饰biochemical changes从句中的it指代brain。定语从句没有紧跟其先行词的这种语法现象被称为定语从句的分隔。
[译文]研究人员已经证实人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生物化学变化,这种变化可以使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地进行活动。
2.(CET-4,1996,1)
考试辅导
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