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过去分词与现在分词的被动结构的用法比较

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由于过去分词与现在分词的被动结构(包括being +过去分词和having been+过去分词)都含有"被动"的意思,许多同学在学习和应用的过程中对这两种语法形式理解得不透彻,在应用中感到模棱两可,很容易出错。比如:
a.The job done,we left the office.
b.The job being done,we left the office.
同样是作状语,a句用的是过去分词,b句用的是现在分词的被动结构。有些同学会问:到底哪一句正确呢?其实a、b两句话都正确。
具体地讲,过去分词常表示动作已经完成,一般有被动的含义;现在分词的被动结构(being +过去分词)一般表示一个正在进行或与谓语动作同时发生的被动动作,若强调被动动作发生在谓语动作之前,可用现在分词完成式被动结构(having been +过去分词)。过去分词与现在分词的被动结构有时可以通用,有时又有区别。在下列两种情况下两者可以通用:
1.作时间状语时,过去分词与having been +过去分词(其意义相当于一个时间状语)可以通用。例如:
Having been discussed many times, the problem was settled at last.
Discussed many times,the problem was settled at last.
(经过多次讨论,这个问题最后终于得到解决。)
Having been cooked to a light brown color,the cake smells good.
Cooked to a light brown color,the cake smells good.
(当蛋糕烘烤成浅棕色的时候,闻起来很香。)
2.作原因状语时,过去分词与being +过去分词可以通用。例如:
Being confined to bed,she needs to be waited on everything.
Confined to bed,she needs to be waited on everything.
(由于她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。)
Being done in a hurry,his paper was full of mistakes.
Done in a hurry,his paper was full of mistakes.
(由于是匆忙完成的,他的试卷满是错误。)
过去分词与现在分词的被动结构的主要区别在于:
1.过去分词可以作前置定语,但现在分词被动结构不能作前置定语。
如:可以说:a broken glass(碎玻璃); an uninvited guest(不速之客);a movedaudience(被感动的观众);但不可以说:a being broken glass;a being uninvited guest;a being moved audience。
2.作后置定语时过去分词常表示被动动作发生在谓语动作之前,或者只表示被动关系,而being +过去分词表示该被动动作正在进行,或与谓语动词的动作差不多同时发生。如:
a.The problem,discussed at yesterday'smeeting,was settled at last.
(昨天会上讨论的那个问题最后终于得到解决。)
b.The problem being discussed now is difficult to settle.
(正在讨论的这个问题很难解决。)
如果误用这两种形式,在造句或阅读中就会发生逻辑错误或是文理不通。
3.在构成复合宾语时,过去分词强调的是动作已完成,现在分词的被动结构强调的是动作正在进行。如:
I've never heard the word used in spoken English.
(我从未听过这个词用在口语中。)
You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
(你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。)
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