3.动名词与现在分词作定语的比较
动名词作定语放在所修饰名词的前面;而现在分词作定语,可视情况放在所修饰词的前面或后面。
Don't disturb the sleeping child.(分词作定语)不要惊扰这个酣睡的孩子。
You may ask the lady sitting at the reception.(分词作定语)你可以问一问坐在接待处的那位女士。
The patients waited for their turns in a queue in the waiting room.(动名词作定语)患者在候诊室排队等候。
四、不定式和分词作宾语补足语的比较
1.一些动词要求接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。常见的有:advise,ask,allow,cause,expect,force,get,help,invite,order,persuade,permit,remind,request,tell,want,warn等。
The teacher advised the student to pay attention to the spelling.老师告诫学生要注意拼写。
2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,listen to等感觉动词,以及make,let,have等使役动词后,使用不带to的不定式。
The parents let the children make their own choices.父母让孩子自己做出选择。
3.现在分词作宾补指正在进行动作的一部分,表示正在发生;不定式作宾补指动作的全过程,表示动作已经结束;get, have,make等词后面加过去分词作宾补,表示"致使"某事被做,宾补和宾语之间的关系是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Do you hear someone knocking at the door?你听到有人在敲门吗?
Yes,I do.I heard him knock three times.是的,我听到了。我听到那人敲了三次。
I had the house painted inside and out.我请人把房子里里外外都刷过。
注意:
hope,demand和suggest不可接不定式作宾补。
五、现在分词、过去分词和不定式作状语的区别
分词主要作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等状语;不定式主要作目的和结果状语;动名词可以和介词构成短语作状语。
1.分词作状语
现在分词和过去分词作状语的共同特点是:它们的逻辑主语一般与句子的逻辑主语一致。
(1)连词+现在分词(状语从句的省略)
Although working very hard,he failed the final examination.尽管他学习很努力,但还是没能通过期末考试。
(2)连词+过去分词(状语从句的省略)
Young people should go and work wherever needed.青年人应该哪里需要就到哪里去工作。
(3)现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等状语,不定式一般不作这些状语
Entering the laboratory,I found everything in good order.一进实验室,我发现一切井井有条。(时间状语)
We have to preserve surplus vegeta- bles,keeping them fresh and supplying the market in off seasons.我们必须把剩余的蔬菜存储起来,使它们保持新鲜并在淡季供应市畅(伴随状语)
Given health,she could accomplish the task all by herself.如果身体健康的话,她一个人就能完成这个任务。(条件状语)
2.不定式作状语
(1)不定式作目的状语,可以置于句首或句尾。
To learn a foreign language well,you must make painstaking efforts.要想学好一门外语必须下苦功夫。
(2)不定式作结果状语,只能放在句尾。
主要的结构有:
only +不定式;enough +不定式;too...to...;such(...)as to...;so(...)asto...等。
The problem is such as to interest only a few people.这样的问题只能使少数人感兴趣。
3.独立结构作状语
在一般情况下,分词的逻辑上的主语就是句中的主语。如果不是这样,分词通常要带有自己的逻辑主语。分词与自己的主语一起构成独立结构。独立结构一般作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果状语等。独立结构主要有以下几种形式:
(1)名词(代词)+现在分词(主谓关系)
Industry developing rapidly,agriculture will soon get mechanized.工业迅速发展,农业不久就将机械化。
(2)名词(代词)+过去分词(动宾关系)
The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.决定已做出,下一个问题便是如何制定一个好的计划。
(3)名词(代词)+(being)+形容词(副词、介词短语)
The experiment(being)over,we put the apparatus in order.实验结束了,我们把仪器放好。
(4)There being+名词(代词)
There being no further business,the meeting closed at 11:30.由于再没有其它事宜,会议在11点30分结束了。
(5)名词+不定式
His wish to become a doctor,Bill studied very hard.比尔学习非常用功,因为他的愿望是要当一名医生。
(6)带有with的独立结构
She sat with her head bent.她低着头坐了下来。
六、非谓语动词的几点特殊用法
1.几种惯用结构
There is no point /use(in)doing sth.
There is difficulty(in)doing sth.
...have trouble /problem /difficulty /pleasure(in) doing sth.
...spend /have time /money /energy(in)doing sth.
...can't help /can't stand /be worth doing sth.
...be busy doing sth.
...be /get used /accustomed to doing sth.
2.在一些句型中,使用不带to的不定式
would rather +V;would sooner +V;rather than +V; had better +V;had sooner +V;prefer to V...than V等。