不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,除了与情态动词、助动词构成复合谓语外,通常前面带有小品词to。但在很多情况下,不定式需不带to。
1、当两个或两个以上的不定式由连词 and,or,except连接并具有同等句子功能时,第二个及所有后面的不定式不带to。例如:
A careful writer always spares no pains to rewrite,correct and polish his work.认真的作家总是不遗余力地重写、修改、润色自己的作品。
Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?你是想现在吃午饭还是等一会儿?
However I don't know what I can do except consent to your plan.但是,除了同意你的计划我不知道我还能做什么。
2、当不定式用于let,make等动词后作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to。这类动词主要有:let,make,have,see,watch,feel,hear, notice,observe等。例如:
Nothing will make her chang e her plan.什么也不会使她改变计划。
Did you notice someone pass by the window?你注意到有人从窗前走过吗?
They did not observe Christine come in and g o upstairs.他们没有看到克里斯蒂娜进来并上了楼。
注意:当这些动词被用作被动语态时,作补语的不定式需带to。例如:
She was made to repeat it.让她又重复了一遍。
3、当不定式用于下列结构中时,不带to: had better,had best,would rather,would rather...than,would...rather than..., would sooner...(than...),might /may(just)as well(做某事倒也无妨),rather than(用于句首时)。例如:
For physical exercises,I would rather go mountain-climbing than just take a walk.为了体育锻炼,我宁愿去爬山,也不去散步。
Rather than allow the vegetables to g o bad,he sold them at half price.与其让这些菜烂掉,他宁愿以半价出售。
If you don't like to swim ,you m ay just as well stay at home.如果你不喜欢游泳,不妨留在家里。
4、在do anything/ everything/nothing but/ except/save,cannot but(不能不),cannot help but(只能),cannot choose but(只能)结构中,but,except或save后面跟的不定式不带to。例如:
I've done nothing except eat and sleep this week.这个星期我除了吃饭睡觉什么也没干。
She can't do anything but ask silly questions.她只会问一些愚蠢的问题。
I cannot choose but undertake the operation.我只能接受手术。
When a close friend dies,you cannot but feel sad.亲密的朋友去世时,你不能不悲伤。
注意:but,except在其它情况下后跟不定式时需带to;在There is nothing ...but...句型中,不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如:
She had no alternative except to appeal
to a hig her court.除了到上一级法庭上诉外,她别无选择。
There was no choice but to fight to the end.没有别的选择,只有斗争到底。
There was nothing left to do but(to)give up the plan.只能是放弃计划。
5、当不定式被用作表语,说明主语中所出现的do的确切含义时,不定式不带to。例如:
What a fire-door does is delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.防火门的功能是拖延火势的蔓延以赢得足够的时间让人们逃脱。
The one thing I hate to do is go to bed when I'm not even tired.我讨厌做的一件事是在我还没有倦意的时候上床睡觉。
All I did was give him a little push.我所做的只是给了他一点督促。
6、在下列固定用法中不定式不带to: make believe(假装),make do(勉强应付), let/leave go(松手),let slip(错过,无意说出),leave hold of(松手),hear tell of(听人讲起),let drop /fall(故意泄露)等。例如:
I've often heard tell of the wonderful parties she g ives,but I've never been invited.我常常听人说起她办的那些吸引人的聚会,但我从没受到过邀请。
He let drop the suggestion that we should meet him at the station.他流露出要我们到车站接他之意。
We haven't got meat,so we'll have to make do with bread.我们没有肉吃,只好吃面包。
Don't let slip such a good opportunity.不要错过这样一个好机会。