高分语法精简版

第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
by可视为被动语态的标志词，by之后的名词短语是句中动作的施动者；在题干中若见到by+名词的结构要优先考虑用被动式
如: The wall is painted by Tom.
The book was written by Mark Twain.
注意1：by之后如果接的是动名词，则表示方式、手段，不能视为被动式的标志，且此时谓语应用主动式， 如：He passed the exam by cheating.
注意2：对于know来讲，一般用be known to 而不用be know by 强调句中it作形式主语可以替代任何被强调的部分
基本模式：It + be + 强调对象 + who/ whom/that + 句子其余部分
如：It was only you who cared for me. (强调主语)
It is his sister whom /that I have fallen in love with. (强调宾语)
It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. (强调地点状语)
It was last week that I attended an art exhibit for the first time. (强调时间状语)
It was not until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. (强调状语从句)
注意：强调的对象是人时，可用who, whom或that, 其余情况一律用that; 当强调对象在从句中做主语时用who/that, 当强调对象在从句中做宾语时用whom/that.
虚拟语气
此章内容在TOEFL考点中处于相对次要地位，但在英文中是比较活跃的用法，必须对其有所了解, 这样对读题非常有帮助
虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反的陈述，常表达强烈愿
望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义，可大致分为三类
一、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例如：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I'm not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn't know, so she still feels joyous.)
二、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn't have broken the
rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn't rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
三、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的"万一"
例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
此种虚拟可倒装，如：
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.
= If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
　He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
　 (如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
一致原则
一致原则贯穿英语语法，在前面各个章节中已有涉及，本章作为对前面的补充，集中讲 TOEFL题中常考的问题
第一节 主谓一致
主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在数上要保持一致. 在英语除了时态的变化外，名词、 动词的数也有差别，这就要求主语（以名词为代表）和谓语（包括助动词）在数上要一致如：
1. 在名词+of+名词这种结构中, 前一个名词是整个短语的中心词, 当该短语作主语时，一般以of之前名词的数为依据确定谓语的数.
one of 之后需接复数名词，但one of+名词作主语时中心词是one，故谓语应用单数One of my students wins the game.
2. 由and连接的多个名词作主语，谓语动词应用复数
Career and love are important to me.
Jim, John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and连接起来表示单一的概念时，谓语动词要用单数
The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
(在这里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)
3. 不可数名词，尤其是抽象名词(relation, authority, necessity, power, democracy, young等)作主语时要视为单数，谓语自然也要用单数
The relation between us is very simple.
4. 单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.