高分语法精简版

对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.
在TOEFL考试中，经常混淆反身代词的写法，结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错
反身代词的用法
可以用来做宾语： He hurt himself when he fell.
可以用来做表语： He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调, 表示"亲自"的意思
I myself do it.
I do it myself.
They made the research themselves.
但是不能够说：Himself does it. 应改为： He does it.
This is himself's book.. 应改为：This is his own book..
牢记make possible的三种形式：
1. make+名词+possible；
His financial aid makes this trip possible.
2. make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）
His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese student's entering of the world famous university.
3. make it possible (for sb.)to do (见形式宾语部分)
The father's hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better education.
定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种，其主要区别为：
1. 非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。
2. 非限定性定语从句中，引导词一般不用that，
在修饰人时用who, whom, whose
He had three children, all of whom had graduated from college.
在修饰物时用 which
部分状语从句可以省略，在填空题中时有出现
如：Although defeated, he did not lose heart. (从句中省略了he was)
If inFORMed timely, I wouldn't have missed the meeting. (从句中省略了I were)
注意: 当现在完成时的时间状语是for + 一段时间(已经有…时间了), 和since + 一个时间点(自从…以来)的时候, 句中的谓语不能是非延续性动词(暂短性动词), 如不能说:
I have borrowed the book for ten days. (错误: borrow这个动作是发生在图书出纳台上的一次性动作, 不能延续, 因此不能和for引导的时间状语连用)
应改为: I have kept the book for ten days.
这样的暂短性动词还有: buy/sell, break, die, graduate, drop等
倒装
倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), 　Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不)　 Nwhere
At no time　 Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不)　In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句
第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词
短语
或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示"也…"
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.