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表语形容词

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形容词这个庞大家庭中,有一类以前缀a-开头的形容词。这类词在词典上一般都标有“pred.adj.”字样,语法书上一般称这类形容词为表语形容词。本文对表语形容词的构成类别、用法特征以及它的修饰语作一综述。

一、表语形容词的构成类别

1.由前缀a-加名词构成,表示方向、位置或状态。

ajar(半开着的),afire(燃烧着的,激动的),aflame(燃烧着的),alike(相似的),abloom(<花>开着的),ahead(在前面的), athirst(渴望的),awheel(乘车的,骑车的),alight(燃烧的,明亮的)

2.由前缀a-加动词,特别是描述性动词构成,表示状况。

ablush(红着脸),afloat(漂浮着的,在船上),alive(活着的),aflutter(飘动着的,鼓动的),aflare(闪耀着的),aglare(闪光的,耀眼的),agleam(闪烁着微光的),aglitter(闪闪发光的),aglow(发红的),asleep(睡着的),astir(动起来,轰动起来),aswirl(旋转着的),atremble(发抖的),awhirl(旋转着的),awash(被浪潮冲打的,漂浮的)

 3.由前缀a-加形容词构成。

 alone(孤独的),ashamed(羞耻的),askew(歪斜的),aweary(疲倦的)

 4.其他情况:

aloof(冷淡的,孤零的),afraid(害怕的), agog(热望的),akimbo(两手叉腰的)

二、表语形容词的用法特点

1.在句中充当表语。

The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。

I was alone in the house.我独自在房子里。

2.这类形容词一般不能单独置于名词之前作前置定语。例如不可以说an asleep child, an alive fish。

如果此类形容词要作前置定语,必须有其自身的修饰语。

但也有例外情况,aloof和alert也可以作前置定语。例如:

an aloof building一座孤零零的大楼

an alert manner警觉的行为

3.这类形容词可以作后置定语,其含义往往相当于一个关系分句。例如:

Time alone will show who was right.
唯独时间能证明到底谁是对的。(这里alone相当于which /that is alone)

The house ablaze is next door to mine.
着火的那家与我家相邻。(这里ablaze相当于 which /that is ablaze)

4.这类形容词可用作宾语补足语或在被动结构中作主语补足语。例如:

The news that the president is coming set the whole village astir.
总统要来的消息使全村为之骚动。

The door is kept ajar.门半掩着。

Don't take my words amiss.别对我的话见怪。

The ship stuck fast on the rocks and we couldn't get it afloat again.
船牢牢地搁浅在礁石上,我们无法使它再浮起来。

5.此类形容词(尤其是形容词短语)在句中还可以作状语。例如:

Afraid of being cut off,they lost no time in turning back.
由于害怕被切断,他们赶紧退回去。

6.这类形容词后有的可以与某些介词、不定式搭配,有的还可接that从句。例如:

It is not amiss to do so.这样做是可以的。

He is alive with ambition.他雄心勃勃。

The sky was aglow with the setting sun.天空因夕阳映照而发红光。

He felt ashamed that he had done so little.他因做的事太少而感到惭愧。

此外,较为常见的搭配还有abed with, ablaze with,aflame with,afraid of(to do / that),alow with,ahead of,alike to,alight with, alive with /to,alone in,ashamed of(to do / for /that),aware of /that,awake to等

三、表语形容词的修饰语

表语形容词一般情况下不能像其他形容词一样被very修饰,而只能用very much, fast,all,wide,well等词修饰。特别需要注意的是修饰语与表语形容词之间的许多习惯搭配。

1.此类形容词都可用very much或 much修饰。very much是much的加强语气的说法。在实际运用中,用very much远比用 much普遍。习惯上用very much修饰的此类形容词常见的有alike,aloaf,aware,asleep, alone,afraid,aglow等。例如:

The two brothers are very much alike.这兄弟俩非常相像。

We are very much aware of the gravity of the situation.我们十分明白形势的严重性。

2.fast习惯上用以修饰asleep,aground等词。此时,fast意义是“完全地、紧紧地”。例如:

The boat was fast aground.小船搁浅了,完全动弹不得。

3.人们习惯还用all,quite修饰alone, wide修饰awake,deep或sound修饰asleep。例如:

The house stands on the hillside all alone, with no other houses near it.
那房子孤零零地座落在山坡上,附近没有别的房子。

She was still very wide awake despite the lateness of the hour.
尽管夜已深,她仍毫无睡意。

The baby was deep /sound asleep.婴儿正在熟睡。

4.另外,根据R夸克等人的观点,现代英语中,可以用very修饰alike以及其他一些描述心理状态和感受的形容词,如afraid, aloof,ashamed等。例如:

His little daughter is a very ashamed girl.他的小女儿是个十分害羞的姑娘。

She was very afraid of waking her hus- band.她生怕吵醒了她的丈夫。

He is a very aloof character.他是个冷漠的怪人。

即时练习:

翻译下列句子,注意:句中应包括表语形容词。

1)我昨天表现不好,我现在感到很惭愧。

2)老太太一听到这消息就吓得脸上失去了血色。

3)这屋子灯火通明。

4)他们都是一样的白色装束。

5)只有史密斯知道发生了什么事。

Key:
1)I behaved badly yesterday and I am ashamed(of myself)now.

2)At the news the old lady was so afraid that her face was drained of blood.
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