contraception的方式很多，有激素（药物），宫内节育器，物理性隔离（比如condom），化学性隔离（杀精剂），生理避孕，结扎等。 在RN/CGFNS考试中经常会考到这一类的知识，但是有的书上对这些内容描述很不全面，因此我总结了一些相关的避孕方式，副作用，禁忌症等，希望大家能 掌握这些知识，在考试中能顺利地答对题目。
Hormonal contraceptives(pill,避孕药):
主要包括Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgen
Side effect(especially estrogen): abnormal menstruation，breast cancer，liver toxicity, fluid retension,thromboembolism, migraine headaches
Contraindication:
liver disease, thromboembolic, coronary artery disease,
hypertension,decrease in glucose tolerance(diabetics), renal disease,
gallbladder disease
note: emergency postcoital contraceptives should be taken within 72 hours of unprotected coitus
Intrauterine devices (IUDs,也就是我们常说的上环)
side effect: Uterine perforation, infection, heavy bleeding, spotting between periods,prolonged periods, cramping
Contraindications: PID, pregnancy, undiagnosed genital bleeding, genital malignancy, abnormal uterine cavity
Diaphragm (避孕隔膜,性交前置入女性阴道内)
No side effects from well-fitted device if woman is not allergic to diaphragm or spermicide
Contraindications: vaginal bleeding , hard to fit, genital infection, allergy,toxic shock syndrome
Note:
Insert up to 6 hr before intercourse and leaving in place for 6 hr
after last intercourse, but no longer than 24 hr；Size/fit must be
checked after term birth, second/third trimester abortion, weight gain
or loss of 15-20 Ib, every 2 years；clean with warm water and mild sop,
powder with cornstarch and store away from heat
Cervical cap(宫颈帽,性交前置入女性宫颈处,注意事项类似避孕隔膜)
Contraindications: abnormal Pap smear, hard to fit, genital infection, allergy, toxic shock syndrome
Note:
Worn for 8 hr but not longer than 48 hr.Size/fit must be checked after
term birth, second/third trimester abortion, weight gain or loss of
15-20 Ib, every 2 years
clean with warm water and mild sop, powder with cornstarch and store away from heat
Pap smear every year
Condom(安全套)
No side effect except allergy to latex
Protect from STDs(the only method).
Use with water soluble jelly, cream, spermicidal foam
Spermicide(杀精剂)
Side effecti: allergy
Note: each intercourse should be preceded (30 min) by a fresh application
Natural family planing(自然避孕,安全期避孕)
BBT each morning before any physical activity
Body T decrease slightly when ovulating then decreased 0.5 degree below base T
Requireds
sexual abstinence(or use of condom) during woman's fertile period ( 4
days before ovulation and 3-4 days after ovulation)
Ligation(结扎）
Male: Vas deferens is occluded with band or clip to prevent passage of sperm
side effect: some men become impotent due to psychological response to procedure, fertility after tubal reconstruction
Female: Both fallopian tubes are ligated and severed with bands or clip to prevent passage of eggs.
complications: infection, hemorrhage, trauma to other organs
